A profession is an occupation that requires extensive training and the study and mastery of specialized knowledge, and usually has a professional association, ethical code and process of certification or licensing. Examples are: librarianship, diplomacy, accounting, engineering, law, teaching, architecture, aviation, medicine, social work, pharmacy, finance, the military, the clergy, nursing, and those who work or perform research in the various sciences. Classically, there were only three professions: ministry, medicine, and law. These three professions each hold to a specific code of ethics, and members are almost universally required to swear some form of oath to uphold those ethics, therefore 'professing' to a higher standard of accountability. Each of these professions also provides and requires extensive training in the meaning, value, and importance of its particular oath in the practice of that profession. Sociologists have been known to define professionalism as self-defined power elitism or as organised exclusivity along guild lines, much in the sense that George Bernard Shaw characterised all professions as 'conspiracies against the laity'. Sociological definitions of professionalism involving checklists of perceived or claimed characteristics (altruism, self-governance, esoteric knowledge, special skills, ethical behavior, etc.) became less fashionable in the late 20th century. A common inquiry used to evaluate if a particular occupation is, in fact, a 'profession' is the 'advocacy test'. Simply: If an occupation requries that one regularly act as an advocate
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